Nov 18, 2023 · Final thoughts. In the draft post, click “Record” to record a video using your mobile device or laptop or “Select file” to upload a video. From the post editor toolbar, click on "More" and select "Poll" from the drop-down menu. Head to your publication's Settings page and click on Sections in the left navigation bar. Starting today, you can send direct messages to other writers and readers on Substack. Learn about our new, simple-to-use tools to help writers grow their audiences and earn an income directly from subscribers. WordPress is a self-hosted platform that offers greater customization options, while Substack is a subscription-based platform that provides a simple and streamlined experience for writers who want to monetize their content easily. Subscriptions start at a $5 per month minimum, but writers can dictate the price, tiers, and what’s included in each. If I mute someone on Substack, will they be notified? If you mute another user on Substack, they won't be notified. Learn more about connecting to your customers through email in /r/EmailMarketing. Email newsletters. Feb 9, 2023 · Navigate to the reader's comment. This is an educational subreddit focused on scams. 1. When you use the explore feature on Substack, you will see the different categories you can write in. If you have a paid publication, you can still limit comments to only paying subscribers, even on public posts. The writers who succeed on Substack have a sharp sense of who their audience is and what value they deliver to them through their publication. The more specific you become in your username, the more data you publish about yourself. Nov 12, 2023 · Unleashing the entrepreneur in you through inspiring stories and a growth-focused mindset. I can’t speak for other writers who do enforce a paywall. From the post editor, the writer can choose to allow comments from everyone, only paid subscribers, or disable comments altogether. Feb 28, 2024 · Introducing direct messaging on Substack. substack. If you want more than one publication, just repeat the aforementioned steps. Tip: To change these settings on the app, tap the Requests folder and select the Settings May 14, 2024 · Harlow's exit was met with cheers and high-fives. Click to read Superb Owl, by Max Goodbird, a Substack publication with thousands of subscribers. 1983), make sure that it is not your real birthday: Sep 19, 2023 · Who can participate in Substack Notes? Anyone will be able to see a note on Substack if they have the link. Head to your Substack account Settings page and scroll to "Publications". Getting started on the Substack app. Aug 7, 2023 · With Substack, anyone can start a publication that combines a personal website, blog, and email newsletter or podcast. I don’t have to think about anything except writing and that is how I like it. Substack advertises itself as a tool, an app, that functions like a marketplace. Jun 6, 2024 · Navigate to your publication's Settings and click on Community in the left navigation bar. This could be a big Twitter or Instagram or LinkedIn account. Writers keep 90% of their revenue minus credit card fees. g. Find newsletters with Reletter. In 2023, Email still has the best returns, regardless of what you've heard about Social Media. Jan 26, 2023. While Substack does provide some metrics to writers, such as subscriber growth and engagement, it does not disclose the identity of individual readers. We’ve worked with media attorneys Mike Wolfe, Tim Hwang, and Lea Rosen to answer questions about legal matters for Substack writers. After all, it’s your name! But it’s also not a wrong reason to pick a pseudonym, either. May 20, 2022 · Substack review: fees for paid newsletters. Again, this is the fee for Feb 3, 2021 · Fresh and eclectic, this may be just the Substack you need to pull you out of your New Year's funk. My AA24 audience is people and families that just want to be better. 9%, plus a 30-cent transaction fee for each subscriber. Join us if you believe the world needs more whistleblowers, watchdogs, wikileaks, and writers sharing truth! Click to read Anonymous Press, a Substack publication with tens of thousands of subscribers. Tip: To have bylines appear, check that you have "Show bylines on posts" enabled which can be found in your publication's Settings. Dec 12, 2023 · How do I change my email address on Substack? Updated December 12, 2023 21:20 Signed up for one or more subscriptions with the wrong email address or want to transfer your existing subscriptions to a different Substack user? Nov 25, 2023 · How do I schedule a post for a future date? Updated 7 months ago. Featuring an insightful weekly article+ bi-weekly “The Innerspire Hour” podcast to catapult your personal development, kindle your Soul fire & innerspire you to be the integral person you were born to be! Click to read The Innerspire Collective Newsletter, by Aru Heart, a Substack publication with hundreds of subscribers. You can now become a TSNOTYAW monthly member on Substack and get a ton of exclusive content straight to your inbox! The Shit No One Tells You About Writing has grown and grown and so too have the hours we pour into it. You keep all your revenue. Nov 9, 2023 · Yes, non-subscribers can comment on Substack posts if the writer has enabled comments for everyone. It’ll ask you to provide three things: the name of your Substack, a one-line description of what it’s about, and the domain name. Anyone can start a Substack and publish posts directly to subscribers’ inboxes—in email and in the Substack app. Click on the toggle next to "Enable community features". And you can. We’ve distilled some of their insights into one handy post for writers to refer back to as they consider legal questions that might affect their work. In the byline section, select the plus sign. “I can still remember standing in the kitchen in March 2020 and watching the first $1. Dec 8, 2023 · Step-by-Step Guide to Posting Videos. Click to read Anonymous VC, a Substack publication. 834. But if you plan to accept paying subscribers, Ghost offers a lot of upside because there are zero ongoing commissions. At Substack, we believe great writing is valuable. Apr 10, 2024 · What can you do? Where do you want to go? It can get better, it will get better, you can do better. 26. Fill out the details of your new newsletter. You need a way to promote and market your Substack. Jan 26, 2023 · What’s new on Substack. Set up paid subscriptions in just a few minutes. Launched 4 years ago. Strengthening relationships among writers and readers. No tech knowledge is required. Even so, as you continue on your journey as an independent writer, you’ll have to experiment with ways to keep growing. It goes out to everyone on your list but I believe you can set to web-only in the post settings. Jun 11, 2024 · 1. Writers and podcasters can own their intellectual property, keep their mailing list, and start a media business. Writers can choose to approve or decline each subscription request. Also simple. Mar 6, 2024 · “On Spotify, I can’t reach the people who follow me—I have no idea who those people are, and I can’t communicate with them. Scroll down to “Private mode”: 3. Once you cancel your subscription, it will terminate at the end of the billing Our Substack. Substack writers use threads to foster discussions on Feb 17, 2024 · Substack is an American online platform that allows journalists, writers, and other content creators to publish newsletters and establish a subscription-based audience. That’s a pretty decent living with not a lot of people. After drafting your new post, click "Continue". Click the three dots underneath. As a writer, you can make your publication private so no one can subscribe without your permission. Then Substack made a new type of post, a ‘thread’. Check the box next to "Schedule time to publish" and select a time and date. May 6, 2023 · Try another username and click Create account. I promise. Mar 7, 2024 · 2. Publication dashboard > Stats > Reader surveys [tab] > Survey name [in list] > View Results [button] > Three-dot menu [dropdown list] > Export results. If you charge $5 per month and have 1000 paying subscribers, then you will make $60,000 per year from Substack. Jan 24, 2024 · Step 4: Launch your newsletter on Twitter. Select "Ban or suspend user". Without one, your newsletter might struggle to grow. $4,638 per month. Describe why you think this comment should be reviewed by publication admins. Click on the three dots below the comment and select "Report". Then, use filters to show newsletters that already do Substack advertising. Select "Pin on home page" and this post will now be what readers see when they view your publication's homepage. Everything is coming apart. Note: You can use a home address if you don't have a business address. Apr 14, 2023 · Here's how to get started: 1. Sep 20, 2023 · If you'd like to reverse muting them, select "Unmute". To turn on Private mode: from your publication page, click on Dashboard in the top right-hand corner, then click Settings in the top navigation bar. Can a Substack subdomain or handle be given to someone else? If a publication or a profile is inactive for a significant period of time, we may ask the publisher for permission to reassign the subdomain or For the creative nomads & visionary change agents. Dec 13, 2023 · Updated 6 months ago. 3. com, you’ll see this landing page: Oct 28, 2022 · How to start a Substack. Add a Comment. Estimate what you could make on Substack. Learn how to set up your Substack to generate an income below. Sep 23, 2022 · Go to the Substack homepage and click the orange button that says “Start Writing”. Substack will then notify . For every $50k revenue. I’m just on a playlist or an algorithm,” he says. From the post editor, click Settings. Sort by: Search Comments. Navigate to the post you'd like to pin to the top of your homepage and click the three dots under the title. In the meantime, tell your friends! Small insights into the day of a NYC VC. He has over 15,000 free subs with about 4% paying. ) If you have problems logging in, please contact Substack Support using this form: Substack Support Contact May 2, 2024 · 1. The Create your account window with filled in user data. Screen capture of some of the categories on Substack. Scroll to Publications. com. The idea is that anyone can start a newsletter, using Substack’s (very nice) interface, and we have the option to charge subscribers. How can I contact Substack or the marketing team? How can I sync my contacts and follow my friends on Substack? What are Substack Handles? What is Substack's refund policy? How do I stop receiving emails from Substack? Jan 29, 2024 · To enable localization of your Substack publication, head to your publication's Settings page. Substack gets paid by taking 10% of your subscription revenue (and about 3% or so in processing fees), which means you get 90% of your revenue. Jan 14, 2024 · Substack provides three distinct methods for categorizing your content. I write two versions of the same newsletter on two different substack URLs (one in English and another in French). General. Do not click any option in the Customize your experience window. Get started. Those publications will all appear in the list on the settings page. Setting up pricing and turning on paid subscriptions. The maths gets a bit complicated, but basically assume you’ll be paying out about 20 per cent of your revenue. However, only signed-in users will be able to post notes and interact with other people's notes (restacking a post or note, commenting on or liking a note). A CNN Insider has told me that the newsroom erupted in jubilation as news spread that Poppy Harlow, a longstanding anchor, was parting ways with the network. Currently, you have a lot of different options to choose from. In the Basics section, scroll to "Language". ” “You can be anonymous and have a very successful newsletter” Feb 8, 2023 · Substack’s Private mode lets you put your publication behind a permission wall. The "Comment" column links to the comment Jan 30, 2024 · 1. Apr 24, 2024 · To create a new newsletter. Feb 23, 2024 · Yes, click the three-dot menu on the ‘View results’ page or the ‘Edit survey’ page to export results to a csv file (a csv file is a simple spreadsheet). Because yes, Substack allows you to run a free newsletter or a paid one. This highly requested feature allows you to start private, one-to-one conversations with anyone in the Substack network. Nov 03, 2022. Writers and podcasters can own their intellectual property, keep their mailing Apr 5, 2024 · 2. "Active" bans are readers who are currently banned. Jan 27, 2023 · 1. Doe1983 filled in. VC based in NYC. Change your name in the settings. The Customize your experience window. Click “Create publication”. You don’t have to sign up in order to read my work. Click Sign up in the Create your account window. Sure, you can create anonymous social media accounts, but they'll likely have just a few followers. As you may already know, Substack is a tool for publishing email newsletters like this one. Frequently Asked Questions. Select or uncheck the box if you'd like to remove all their comments from any posts on your publication. Some of them might even want to pay you for the privilege. Oct 28, 2022 · Step 1: Develop a strategy. Sign up now so you don’t miss the first issue. Feb 28, 2024. Nov 9, 2023 · Medium has a “no duplicate content” rule, which means you cannot publish the same article on Medium and Substack. 9 Emily Gould Can't Complain by Emily Gould. A canonical URL is like a digital breadcrumb trail telling Sep 14, 2022 · The Grow plan supports up to 10,000 subscribers and costs $42 a month, which works out to $504 annually. 9% + $0. Click Next. Keep in mind, not everyone is making good money on the platform, but if you are willing to put in the work, you can make decent money. Your audience can pay you directly through subscriptions, with no ads to get in the way. Without ads or gatekeepers in the way, you can sustain a direct relationship with your audience and Nov 24, 2022 · Setting up paid subscriptions is on Substack is simple. With Ghost, you’ll also need to pay that same 2. From your Substack homepage, go to your Dashboard: From there, click Settings in the top navigation bar: Now click on Payments in the menu on the left-hand side to jump to the section where you can manage payments: Apr 21, 2022 · If you receive a harassing comment, you may want to ban or suspend that user from commenting on your publication altogether. Harlow, who has been with CNN since 2008, announced her departure following the cancellation of "CNN This Morning," a program she co-hosted. Reletter is a newsletter database listing valuable information on over one million Substack newsletters. When logged into your Substack account, click on the Podcast tab. From $9 /mo. Navigate to Substack’s home page and click “ Start writing . Welcome to the Hustle Karo! Click to read Hustle Karo, by Anonymous, a Substack publication. Feb 6, 2023 · With Substack you can send out emails to your free and paid users from the same platform, so your free list can become a funnel for your paid. (If you don’t have a Substack account set up yet, click where it says “Sign up” and you’ll be guided through a few quick steps to set it up. Exploring the gaps between Science and Spirituality. Sep 13, 2023 · 1. . Only people on your mailing list can comment on your posts. – Kevin Rapp, Full of Krapp. Start to imagine what you want to accomplish personally and financially. Select Payments in the left navigation bar, and once in your Payments section, click on the button that says "Connect with Stripe". ago. If you use your birthday written backwards (e. May 12, 2023 · Brad takes you though an thread that was made on September 4, 2019 (US time zone) by an anonymous person claiming to be an “Operative”, they display a Swedish flag on their posts. • 2 yr. However your email will not be published and you can ask that your name be kept anonymous if your submission is eventually published on the Inquiry website. Substack automatically assigns you an email address, it won’t show your real one. Writers, podcasters, and video creators at all stages can pursue a creative side project or build an independent media business supported by their subscribers. Feb 24, 2021. We invited the authors of the anonymous newsletter Petition to share their insights during our 2021 Substack On! Conference. In a blog The home for great blogging. The inbox is the most personal connection you can have with your customer, and Email Marketing maximizes the effectiveness of that connection. Log in to your Substack account and head to your publication's Settings page. Jul 1, 2022 · What can you create on Substack? Substack offers four types of posts to work from: text-based posts, discussion threads, podcasts, and video (currently in beta). After exploring numerous Substack feature posts and newsletter examples, and reading over 100 comments from the community, I discovered that many find it confusing and challenging, particularly when it comes to understanding the limitations of these features. Independent creators have the option to Nov 3, 2022 · Introducing Substack Chat. You can now name and style another publication. If your conversion rate is significantly below 10%, use tried-and-true tactics from other writers to improve it. Under Subscriptions, click on the paid publication you want to cancel your subscription to. 50 of that. If you're pulling in over $5040 annually, this is a discount over Substack. Jan 11, 2020 · Welcome to Anonymous VC by me, Anonymous VC. Choose to nest the podcast in your publication or create a new section. The Scale plan Oct 20, 2023 · Every post can have comments enabled, or not, and be open to all subscribers or only to paying subscribers. You have to figure some things out, and make some changes, but it is worth it, what is your well being worth? I wish to be anonymous for many reasons. A thread is much like a normal Substack post, but comments are enabled by default and can’t be switched off. However, you can repurpose your content by creating a new version of the article with a different title, structure, or focus. The Shit No One Tells You About Writing is offering a brand new way to get even more great TSNOTYAW goodness. 30 processing fee for card payments. Prices start around $10/month for a self-hosted WordPress blog with a domain (that’s what you want to go for. Jan 31, 2024 · Updated 5 months ago. Here are the steps to follow: Head to your Home or Posts tab and select “+New post”. If someone who isn’t already on your Dec 13, 2023 · To block a user, click on the three dots menu on a note or a Substack profile. Step 2: Mastering the Canonical URL. It's quick and simple, so you don't have to be tech savvy. Substack is specifically designed to maximize ease of use—most people can get up and running sending out posts in 20 minutes. You first have to set up a My Parliament account and you will have to give your name and email. Substack describes themselves as “the subscription network for Welcome to r/scams. Create your Proton Account window with Username John. Apr 11, 2023 · Choose the right categories to help with discovery. Today we are launching Chat, a new space for writers and creators to host conversations with their subscribers. Select "Block <Substack profile>". In this section, select "Add section". ) Substack only takes a 10% cut when someone subscribes to your paid newsletter. A Substack newsletter is a low-risk, low-cost way to get in front of readers who want to hear from you week after week. Generally, beginner writers charge around $5 per month of $50 per Please use the dedicated megathreads if you wish to share your business or ask about pricing your work. Writers are serializing books, putting together playlists, hosting book clubs, and more. From your Posts tab, select "New Post". Feb 28, 2024 · You can also start a message via the website’s or app’s Chat tab. Note: If you block a user, their replies on your note will be hidden from your view. Substack has a social-media-like environment called Notes which works somewhat like Twitter/X in that it appears like a feed of posts which you can Aug 11, 2020 · This means you can’t solely rely on Substack unless you have an email list. Your own private social network where you make the rules. The name and one-line description can be easily changed at any time in future, on your Settings page. Jasmine Sun. A self-hosted WordPress blog will cost more than a free Substack account. Once you submit the report, the author will be able to review the comment and decide whether to remove, ban the commenter, or approve the comment from the post. The good news is you don’t need a lot of email subscribers to do well on Substack. Import your mailing list (if you've come from a different Apr 16, 2024 · Below, you can see what the upload page looks like. If a non-subscriber wants to leave a comment, they will be prompted to create a Substack profile. Use a birthday you can remember (not your own). Make the following choices: How long you'd like to ban the user from commenting for (an hour, 24 hours, a week, a month, or indefinitely). It is our hope to be a wealth of knowledge for people wanting to educate themselves, find support, and discover ways to help a friend or loved one who may be a victim of a scam. “But here on Substack, I’m cultivating a community. 10% of your revenue. It’s very simple. It’s free to get started on Substack. Substack gives you a way to communicate directly to your audience with email, but it doesn’t replace the effort required to grow that email list. Then, for each new post that you publish, you can choose whether or not to allow comments. Jan 26, 2023 · A private Substack is a publication that you can host alone or readers can request to subscribe to read your posts. Jan 19, 2024 · Multiple Substack publications. Start by entering your niche or topic into the search bar. Pricing and transaction fees. With Substack, anyone can start a publication that combines a personal website, blog, and email newsletter or podcast. In addition, writers have the option to add a “Send a message” button on a post or note. Enter the requested information such as a registered business address and personal details. Share. I've emailed with him many times, but never get into his personal life too much. When setting up your Substack publication, you will be prompted to choose a publication name and URL and to write a one-line description. Feb 26, 2024 · (All this info only applies to my Substack though. 4. Years ago, back when writers blogged, I wrote for an online wellness magazine that had a very large audience. You will be given a set of options before publishing, including the ability to schedule a post. Select "Get started, and on this page, select the audience list for your new podcast. Feb 9, 2024 · You can have an anonymous profile and are not required to use your legal name in your profile. If your post audience is selected for paying Mar 18, 2021 · The debacle. We tend to see 5-10% of free subscribers convert to paying subscriptions, with 10% being a rate to aim for. Your publication will immediately appear in the selected language. No one: Direct messaging will be disabled, and no one can send you a message request. However, you can message other readers and writers on Substack. May 4, 2020 · But it’s also fine for this to be a reason for a pen, if you’re feeling it. 1 day ago · Humanely 'Anonymous'? Could we ever achieve such a thing? An attempt, at an ethical yet 'scientific' survey (for all: not just, 'George Mee' - whoever that is). Everyone - If the post audience is set to Everyone, you'll see the option for A Substack is an all-encompassing publication that accommodates text, video, audio, and video. Once you block a user, they will not be able to engage with your Substack activity such as seeing your notes, posts, or subscriptions on your Profile. In the popup, you can select the length of the ban or suspension and whether you’d like to remove all that user’s previous comments on your publication. Click on Community in the left navigation bar. flamepants. Once the poll template appears in the draft post, click on the pencil icon in the top right corner to enter the requested details such as how long the poll will last and who can vote. Mar 18, 2024 · The strategy is straightforward: first, publish your article on Substack, then, a day or two later, republish it on Medium with the canonical URL specified (more details on this later). “Moving to Substack was a boon to my writing productivity. Chat is a community space reimagined specifically for writers and creators— it’s like having your own private social network where Jan 11, 2023 · Clicking on that link will take you directly back to Substack, and you’ll be logged in. Scroll to the Account actions section and click on the link next to "To cancel your paid subscription, click here". Learn more here on what your Subscriber report shows. Feb 20, 2020 · Your legal questions, answered. I have a Substack buddy who has an anon account. Substack is free, until you start taking on paying subscribers. If you decide to leave, you’ll take what you’ve built with you. Calculate your potential earnings from subscriptions. On Substack, you own your mailing list, subscriber payments, and intellectual property. Feb 15, 2024 · This platform is combining the writing portion of Medium but allowing writers to make a subscription income for certain emails and content on their Substack. Ghost takes 0% fees. When you publish on Substack, you always own and control your content Oct 28, 2022 · Create a publication. In the three-dot comment menu, click “Ban or suspend user. Click on "Manage bans" next to "Comment and subscribe bans". You can also use Medium’s import feature to bring your Substack content onto the Medium platform. Having a niche will help you deliver what your readers want and expect. Follow these steps to add a poll to your post: 1. A very common name / one similar to another author’s — Again, you can certainly still use your name if it’s common or easily confused with someone else. They’ll have a different URL and in no way connect to one another. Select whether you'd like to: You can hide posts from the publication's homepage: Choose whether you'd like section posts to appear on Jul 28, 2020 · Anonymous Press is a citizen run e-newspaper dedicated to investigating and reporting on real-life news you won't find in the mainstream media. Posting videos on Substack is a straightforward process. That’s 27 categories if my count is correct. "Inactive" bans are readers who've been previously banned. Petition provides analysis, commentary and curated links about financial markets, distressed investing, restructuring, and bankruptcy. Just as no two writers are the same, there are endless, creative ways to publish on Substack. A talk about the high cost of "othering" people, and the pain and exhaustion of swimming in rage-filled water, which is daily life right now. Launched 7 months ago. Aug 10, 2023 · The short answer is no, Substack does not provide the option for writers to see who reads their posts. These elements are the first impression for prospective subscribers, and you can come back to refresh them at any time. You'll be asked to: Enter the subdomain you'd like for your new publication: https://newpublicationsubdomain. If you turn on paid subscriptions, Substack will keep a 10% cut of revenues for operating costs like development and customer support. Alright, let’s demystify this “canonical URL” mumbo-jumbo. Oct 4, 2023 · That way, you can choose the one that best fits your needs. From the menu, select “Video”. If you'd like to sign up for a Substack account, you can get started at this link Jan 18, 2022 · How much can you make? Substack takes a 10% cut of all subscription revenue, and the platform’s financial service provider, Stripe, takes another 2. Consider the prompt: I want to write on Substack in order to…. Feb 28, 2024 · Founding subscribers: Only readers on a founding members plan will be able to send you a message request. After enabling comments: Choose whether to allow comments on a per-post basis. Enter the Substack profile of the guest writer you'd like to invite to preview the draft post. Writers can see where readers came from, such as social media or email, but they cannot see May 2, 2024 · With Substack, anyone can start a publication that combines a personal website, blog, and email newsletter or podcast. From the drop-down menu, select from the following languages: German, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese, or English. As the writer, you choose to approve or decline each subscription request. Bloggers come to Substack to do their best writing and build thriving subscription businesses. Tip: Learn more about how sections work on Substack here. ”. Mar 13, 2024 · Audience Insights. Go to the settings page again. At this point, Substack will charge you 10 per cent of whatever you charge people to access your newsletters. Click on "Create publication" and start the process of creating a new publication. 00 I made come through, from sharing my own research. Select "Continue". Unlike when you block someone and they can't see your profile, muting someone will hide their notes but they can still see your Substack profile. These are short insights into my day, my work, and anything related. Substack takes $5,000+ fees per year. It provides tools for authors to create and distribute their newsletters, manage subscriptions, and monetize content via subscriptions. These metrics can provide insights into the health of your paid subscriptions by helping you understand how your paid audience is growing, the rate that they're staying as paid subscribers, and where your Substack is read. May 13, 2023 · Use your anonymous email address. ) Substack is also easy to access. We’re focused on building simple tools that help you grow your audience and earn an income directly from subscribers, on your own Substack. On the next page, select "Cancel Subscription". 285. For example, if your newsletter is priced at $5 per month, SubStack will take $0. 2. Free, with paid subscriptions from $5 per month. Apr 8, 2024 · The downside of this is that you can’t create a Ghost site for free like you can with Substack. They warned of a “major event” coming in 2020-2021 that will kill “9-10 million Americans“. Writers can keep a Substack subdomain or handle indefinitely so long as their publication or profile remains active. There’s no link between the two, and I hide my username on all newsletters. Feb 7, 2020 · ures” enabled on your Settings page. When you go to amycolleen. Feb 24, 2021 · How Petition grew their financial newsletter – anonymously. Getting started is easy. 12. Just start a new substack under the same username. Apr 28, 2024 · Updated 2 months ago. Sister subreddit to r/ArtistLounge where you can discuss general art technique, life as an artist and art culture. cc eu rp lg fo fp qn wa rb po